ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Exploring structural complexity through entropy in rectangular bilayer germanium phosphide for sustainable innovations

Muhammad Akmal, Hifza Iqbal, Muhammad Akhtar Tarar, and Muhammad Farhan Hanif

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

E-mail: akamlsial1194@gmail.com

Received: 19 February 2025  Accepted: 20 May 2025

Abstract:

The application of graph theory in chemistry, particularly in the study of molecular structures, has exceeded expectations and experienced exponential growth in recent years. Molecular graphs represent atoms as vertices and bonds as edges, providing a powerful framework for analysis. In this paper, we have focused on the molecular graph of rectangular bilayer germanium phosphide. Specifically, we have computed the entropy through various topological indices. By combining numerical analysis with graphical presentation, we aim to contribute to the understanding of materials science, facilitating advanced and sustainable material production and technological applications.

Keywords: Crystal Engineering; Graph Theory; Graphene; Molecular Electronics; Molecular Modelling; Molecular Dynamics; Rectangular bilayer germanium phosphide; Topological indices; Entropy; Materials science

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-025-04142-0

Chemical Papers 79 (8) 5517–5532 (2025)